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中国机床工业六十年发展的经验谈

我国机床工业开始大量引进国外先进技术,合作生产各类数控机床.同时,通过在四大国际机床展上参展,在技术上广泛交流合作,使得中国机床工业的技术水平快速提高。
1979年6月，宁江机床厂在《人民日报》上刊登广告：“直接接受国内外用户订货。”这一举动打破了计划经济时期买卖双方互不见面的销售方式，也开启了机床行业逐步走向市场经济的大门。1980年，随着改革开放的进一步深入，我国机床工业开始大量引进国外先进技术，合作生产各类数控机床。同时，通过在四大国际机床展上参展，在技术上广泛交流合作，使得中国机床工业的技术水平快速提高。
改革开放后，整个机床工业加强了对广大用户和国外机床工业情况的调查、研究、分析。特别是中国机床协会于1989年开始举办中国国际机床展览会，以及媒体越来越多的对国内机床市场进行分析，促进了我国机床行业对国内乃至国际市场需求的了解。此外，在掌握机床设计、制造、使用技术方面，通过大量引进国外先进技术以及合作生产各类数控机床，不断进行仿创结合，诞生了一批如五轴联动控制加工中心、各种环保机床、大型、重型、高精度机床产品，使得全行业技术水平有了明显的提升。
尽管机床有着其作为共性技术的特点，在布局、结构、传动、控制等方面有共同点，通过互相学习，仿创结合能快速发展，然而一些高精产品的核心关键技术是仿制不出来的，只有依靠人才培养、加强科研，突破瓶颈，才能实现自主创新。
2006年以来，国家进一步明确了机床工业的重要性、战略性地位，发布了《国务院关于加快振兴装备制造业的若干意见》。其后，国家发改委又制定出《数控机床发展专项规划》，要求：至2010年，数控系统自主知识产权的要占数控机床总量的75%;功能部件配套自给率60%以上;国产数控机床要占领国内市场的50%以上。在政策的正确引导与市场调节的融合不断深化下，2007年、2009年的中国国际机床展览会(CIMT)上，数控机床、数控系统、功能部件、刀具、测量、附件等各种新产品琳琅满目，特别是大型、重型、复合加工、五轴联动数控机床等许多国产自主创新产品的上市，不仅受到广大用户的欢迎，也引起了国际机床工业界对中国机床的重视。
然而，在这30年的发展中，仍有许多值得总结的经验教训。
一、对整体现状、市场需求缺乏深入分析，缺乏全局和重点发展规划。
长期以来，我国对机床拥有量的现状、市场需求缺乏全面、正确的统计数字和分析，许多统计分析未能与重点数控机床技术的发展紧密配合。这不符合整体机床工业的客观发展规律。
我国在1980年机床拥有量为283万台，其中粗加工车床构成比为43%，精加工磨床占10%，工艺落后的原因就在于粗加工机床多而精加工机床少。30年后的2008年，中国机床工业约有5382家企业，机床拥有量约700万台，(美国约240万台、日本约140万台)，粗加工机床仍占40%以上，精加工机床少于10%;与国外由高效自动化机床和数控机床组成的精加工机床占比20%~30%相比，我国的精加工机床构成比依然十分落后。
二、缺乏人才、科研力量薄弱，未能掌握核心技术、依赖进口。
尽管经过改革开放30年的发展，然而行业在人才培养、科研投入上仍表现出严重不足。生产制造都浮于表面，如建国初期的七大综合机床研究所，现已沦为一般性生产企业，失去了“参谋、攻坚、组织、服务”四大作用，已经发挥不出研发实力。由于研发环节薄弱，面临许多关键技术瓶颈，大量高精产品依赖进口。目前，我国航天、汽车工业的先进数控机床70%依赖进口。这是我们必须正视的现实。
三、主机与数控系统、功能部件、刀具之间发展不协调，缺乏紧密配合。
在改革开放30年中，数控机床的产量、消费量发展很快，产量均居全国首位。但从产品结构上看，大部分为低、中档产品，高精机床才刚刚起步，关键技术以及核心配套件长期依赖进口。
究其原因，一是对数控系统、功能部件、刀具的发展，缺乏周密规划，与主机发展脱节。二是长期仿制国外产品，并没有吃透其核心技术。产品质量不过硬，基础不牢固，高档产品更难以发展创新。三是严重缺乏技术专家以及熟练的技术工人，在产品的精度上、质量上、可靠性上，技术不过硬，配套不过关。
六十载光阴，说短不短。美国机床工业以不到60年时间超过当时居首位的英国;德国机床工业以不到60年的时间又赶超了美国;日本同样以不到60年时间，在机床工业实力和数控机床技术上，进入世界三大强国之一。
同样也是60年，中国培育出了一个机床大国，然而，由“大”走“强”却任重道远。“机床工业强，则国强”。这已成为世界科技、经济、竞争力历史发展所充分证明。随着中国工业化进程的不断发展，对先进机床的需求将越来越高。
因此，要深刻认清发展规律，重视机床工业的重要性、战略性地位，科学地总结过去的经验教训，扎扎实实地推进机床工业的发展。
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